When Has Islam Become Present in Turkey Again Mustafa Kemal Presidency
| Süleyman Demirel | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 9th President of Turkey | |
| In office sixteen May 1993 – xvi May 2000 | |
| Prime number Minister | Tansu Çiller Necmettin Erbakan Mesut Yılmaz Bülent Ecevit |
| Preceded by | Turgut Özal |
| Succeeded by | Ahmet Necdet Sezer |
| 12th Prime Government minister of Turkey | |
| In function xx November 1991 – 16 May 1993 | |
| President | Turgut Özal |
| Deputy | Erdal İnönü |
| Preceded by | Mesut Yılmaz |
| Succeeded by | Erdal Inönü (acting) |
| In office 12 November 1979 – 12 September 1980 | |
| President | Fahri Korutürk |
| Preceded by | Bülent Ecevit |
| Succeeded by | Bülend Ulusu |
| In part 21 July 1977 – five Jan 1978 | |
| President | Fahri Korutürk |
| Deputy | Necmettin Erbakan Alparslan Türkeş |
| Preceded by | Bülent Ecevit |
| Succeeded past | Bülent Ecevit |
| In part 31 March 1975 – 21 June 1977 | |
| President | Fahri Korutürk |
| Deputy | Necmettin Erbakan Turhan Feyzioğlu Alparslan Türkeş |
| Preceded past | Sadi Irmak |
| Succeeded by | Bülent Ecevit |
| In office 21 October 1965 – 16 March 1971 | |
| President | Cemal Gürsel Cevdet Sunay |
| Preceded past | Suat Hayri Ürgüplü |
| Succeeded by | Nihat Erim |
| Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey | |
| In office 20 Feb 1965 – 21 October 1965 | |
| Prime Minister | Suat Hayri Ürgüplü |
| Preceded by | Kemal Satır |
| Succeeded by | Atilla Karaosmanoğlu Sadi Koçaş (1971) |
| Leader of the Truthful Path Party | |
| In function 24 September 1987 – 16 May 1993 | |
| Preceded by | Hüsamettin Cindoruk |
| Succeeded past | Tansu Çiller |
| Leader of the Justice Political party | |
| In role 28 November 1964 – 16 October 1981 | |
| Preceded by | Ragıp Gümüşpala |
| Succeeded by | Party abolished |
| Fellow member of the Chiliad National Associates | |
| In office 29 Nov 1987 – sixteen May 1993 | |
| Constituency | Isparta (1987, 1991) |
| In office 10 October 1965 – 12 September 1980 | |
| Constituency | Isparta (1965, 1969, 1973, 1977) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Süleyman Gündoğdu Demirel (1924-xi-01)1 November 1924 Atabey, Turkey |
| Died | 17 June 2015(2015-06-17) (aged xc) Ankara, Turkey |
| Cause of death | Respiratory failure |
| Resting place | Atabey, Turkey |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Political political party | Justice Party, True Path Political party |
| Spouse(s) | Nazmiye Demirel (m. 1948; died 2013) |
| Alma mater | Istanbul Technical University |
| Profession | Civil engineer |
| Signature |  |
Sami Süleyman Gündoğdu Demirel (Turkish pronunciation: [sylejˈman dem'iɾæl]; one November 1924 – 17 June 2015)[1] was a Turkish politician, engineer, and statesman who served every bit the ninth President of Turkey from 1993 to 2000. He previously served equally the Prime number Minister of Turkey seven times between the years 1965 and 1993. He was the leader of the Justice Party (AP) from 1964 to 1980 and the leader of the True Path Party (DYP) from 1987 to 1993.
Having been identified as a potential time to come Prime number Minister past Adnan Menderes, Demirel was elected leader of the Justice Party in 1964 and managed to bring downward the regime of İsmet İnönü in 1965 despite not beingness a Member of Parliament. He supported the government of Suat Hayri Ürgüplü until his party won a parliamentary majority in 1965. He became the first Prime Minister born in the Republic of Turkey. Claiming that his Justice Party was the successor of the banned Democrat Party, he was re-elected as premier in 1969 by winning a parliamentary majority for a second time. Despite his economical reforms which stabilised inflation, he resigned after his budget was blocked by parliament, but formed his third government before long after. His premiership came to an end following the 1971 Turkish coup d'état.
Demirel was the leader of the opposition from 1971 to 1975 before forming a right-fly government known as the First Nationalist Front, which collapsed in 1977. He formed the 2d Nationalist Front cabinet in 1977, which collapsed in 1978. Demirel's minority authorities in 1979 was unable to elect a president in 1980, leading to the 1980 Turkish putsch which banned Demirel from politics. Returning to politics in 1987, he causeless the leadership of the Truthful Path Party. He won the 1991 general election and formed a coalition with the Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), assuming his fifth and final term every bit Prime Minister. Post-obit the sudden death of serving President Turgut Özal, Demirel contested the 1993 presidential election and later became the ninth President of Turkey until 2000. With 10 years and 5 months, his tenure equally premier is the third longest in Turkish history, after İsmet İnönü and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
Family [edit]
Sami Süleyman Gündoğdu was built-in on 1 November 1924, İslamköy, Atabey, a town in Isparta Province to Hacı Yahya Demirel (1893-1972) and Hacı Ümmühan Demirel (1902-1979). He was a shepherd in his childhood. Upon completion of his elementary school education in his hometown, he attended middle schoolhouse and high school in Isparta, Muğla, and Afyon. In 1948, he married Nazmiye Şener, his 2nd cousin.
Engineering career [edit]
After graduating from the school of civil applied science at the Istanbul Technical University in 1949,[2] Süleyman Demirel worked in the State Department for electrical ability planning. He undertook postgraduate studies on irrigation, electrical technologies, and dam construction in the United States, outset in 1949–1950, so in 1954–1955. During the construction of the Seyhan Dam, Demirel worked as a project engineer and in 1954 was appointed Director of the Department of Dams. In 1955, he served as Managing director Full general of the State Hydraulic Works (DSİ). As such, Demirel supervised the structure of a diverse ability plants, dams and irrigation facilities.[two] Eisenhower Fellowships selected Süleyman Demirel in 1954 to represent Turkey.[3]
Afterward the 1960 putsch, he was drafted to the Turkish Army for compulsory military machine service.[2] Upon completion of his armed forces service, he worked as a freelance engineer and a representative of Morrison Structure, a U.S. company. During this period, he as well worked equally a part-time lecturer of hydraulic applied science at the Center Due east Technical University (ODTÜ) in Ankara.[four]
Entry to politics [edit]
His political career started with his election to the executive board of the Justice Political party,[4] founded by the one-time general Ragıp Gümüşpala as a replacement of the Democrat Party that was banned after the armed services coup of 27 May 1960. Announcer and MP Cihat Baban claims in The Gallery of Politics (Politika Galerisi), that President Cemal Gürsel told him:
We may solve all troubles if Süleyman Demirel tin can get the caput of the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi). I am working very hard for him to become the party leader. If I succeed in this, I will exist happy.[v] [ page needed ]
Demirel'due south rural, central Anatolian emphasis and the fact that he came from a village from the countryside made him very appealing to rural voters.[6]
U.South. Vice President Lyndon Johnson and Süleyman Demirel at a ceremony honoring the Usa Agency for International Development (Baronial 28, 1962).
On 22 March 1963, the imprisoned former president Celal Bayar was released on parole, causing protests in forepart of Justice Party headquarters. Demirel resigned from his position during the ordeal, and claimed that "There wouldn't be commonwealth in this country for some other fifty years".[ citation needed ] He remained politically inactive until the death of Ragıp Gümüşpala, when, in June 1964, he re-entered politics as a candidate for chairman of the party. However, Demirel faced strong opposition. His biggest rival was Sadettin Bilgiç, nicknamed "koca reis" ("big captain" in English). Bilgiç supporters accused Demirel of being a freemason; While this was true, Demirel averted the crunch with a lie. Instead of writing to his own lodge, he petitioned a separate freemason's lodge request whether he was a member or non. As expected, the lodge chairman answered negatively. This turned the tide in Demirel's favor, and he received enough votes to get the chairman of the Justice Party.[ii]
Demirel was elected chairman at the second g political party convention on 28 November 1964. He facilitated the germination of a caretaker government that ruled between February and October 1965 under the premiership of Suat Hayri Ürgüplü in which he served as Deputy Prime Government minister. Under his leadership, the Justice Party won an unprecedented majority of the votes in the 1965 general election and formed a majority government. Demirel thus became the youngest-always Prime Minister in Turkish history at the age of 40.[7]
Showtime premiership [edit]
Demirel was one of the first of a new generation born in the 1920s that were now entering politics known as the "Republican Generation", during which heroes of the Turkish War of Independence such as İsmet İnönü, Celâl Bayar and Ragıp Gümüşpala were gradually withdrawing from politics.
Presently later on coming to power he faced was the "Presidential crisis" when Cemal Gürsel, who assumed the presidency subsequently the adoption of the 1961 Constitution, stated that his poor health prevented him from continuing his duty. Demirel nominated the Principal of the General Staff, Cevdet Sunay for the presidency in society to soften the army's attitude towards the Justice Party, who became president in 1966.[eight]
In the side by side elections on 10 October 1969, his party was the sole winner past a landslide once again. Demirel presided over the laying the foundations of the Keban Dam, the Bosphorus Bridge and an oil pipeline between Batman and İskenderun. Economic reforms stabilized aggrandizement, and Turkey became one of the fastest growing economies. Yet boycotts and strikes by university students in 1968 began political instability which especially concerned the Turkish armed forces. Pressure was also mounting from the United States, as the Nixon Assistants wished for Turkey to ban the tillage of opium, which would take been politically costly for Demirel to implement. Demirel as well had problem brewing within his ain party, every bit while he attempted to outcome an amnesty to ex-Democrats, he was effectively vetoed by the Turkish military (see 1969 Turkish Military Intervention). As a result, in 1970, several ex-DP deputies left the Justice Party to found the Autonomous Party, while the Islamists too left to institute the National Order Political party under Necmettin Erbakan.
The chaotic seventies [edit]
1971 Memorandum [edit]
A worsening economy, the 15-16 June events, one of the biggest workers protests in the history of Turkey; disagreements between the government and military over the Cyprus dispute, escalations of tensions with Greece, and disharmonize between leftists and rightists served to ascertain the last years of Demirel'southward first premiership as politically unstable. He blamed the liberal constitution for the crisis. He resigned every bit Prime Government minister after his budget was blocked past parliament, but formed his third regime before long later on. A armed forces coup effort by National Autonomous Revolutionaries on 9 March 1971 finally resulted in a direct military intervention on 12 March, and Demirel resigned for a armed services supported government nether Nihat Erim.
The constitutional amendments that Demirel wished for were implemented during technocratic military governance which relied on support from parliament. In the leap of 1973, with the presidential election on the calendar, he reached an agreement with the new leader of the Republican People's Political party (CHP), Bülent Ecevit, to support Fahri Korutürk as president instead of Faruk Gürler.
Nationalist Forepart governments [edit]
With the Justice Political party emerging 2nd in the 1973 general election, a grand CHP-AP coalition was expected. Yet, Demirel announced that "We can only come together in war." CHP instead formed a coalition with Erbakan's new Islamist party, the National Salvation Party (MSP).[9] Ecevit'due south regime carried out the Cyprus Operation, only ideological conflicts in the authorities prompted Ecevit to resign on September 18, 1974 and hold early on elections. However early elections never happened, and instead Sadi Irmak had to head a caretaker regime that lasted for more than than 200 days from September 1974 to March 1975. March 31, nether the leadership of Demirel, a right-wing coalition regime was established consisting of the Justice Party, MSP, the Nationalist Motility Party (MHP), and the Republican Reliance Party that was known equally the "Kickoff Nationalist Front". In order for the coalition to survive, Islamist MSP supporters and ultranationalist MHP members were recruited within state institutions, intensifying the renewed political violence of the 1970s. 42 people were killed in a 1977 May 24-hour interval ralley at Taksim Square. The state entered an economic depression caused past a rise in global petrol prices, deficit in foreign payments and rapid inflation. Süleyman Demirel's nephew, Yahya Kemal Demirel, was arrested for corruption after an investigation past the journalist Uğur Mumcu during this period.
Despite gaining support in the 1977 elections the Justice Party once again lost to CHP, which received 41.iv percent of the vote. However, Ecevit was non able to course a authorities, so Demirel became prime minister again, forming the Second Nationalist Front with simply MSP and MHP. This government barbarous in a no-conviction vote on Dec 31, 1977, in what was known equally the Güneş Motel Incident, where 13 Justice Political party MPs defected from their party to support a CHP government where they received cabinet positions. Demirel refused to establish a dialogue with the CHP-dominated government and conducted a vicious opposition to Ecevit, constantly referred to him as "head of regime" instead of "prime minister". Referring to Ecevit's government, Demirel said "In no country in the globe, could such a government [Ecevit's] with 1200 deaths, 70% inflation, disrepute, cruelty, torture, unjust and merciless partisanship stand up for fifty-fifty i day. A cadre that has exceeded its ambition has usurped the administration." On Feb 21, 1979, he appear to President Korutürk that they were confronting the extension of martial law.
The troubles brought by American embargo, inflation, and escalating political violence meant Ecevit lost the 1979 past-elections, prompting his resignation. Demirel returned every bit prime minister, and established a minority government due to the negative atmosphere created by the Nationalist Front governments (MSP and MHP still provided confidence). His concluding premiership before the 1980 coup saw the implementation of the 24 January Decisions which proved to be a turning point in Turkey'southward transition to a neoliberal economic system. With political violence and assassinations at an all-time high, top military generals delivered a memorandum to President Korutürk, urging for politicians to put bated their differences to solve the land'due south issues, but this memerandum did goose egg to get Demirel and Ecevit to cooperate. As Fahri Korutürk's presidential term was ending, a crisis brewed equally to who would succeed him, with Demirel and Ecevit failing 115 times to elect a new president. Demirel'south government lasted until the coup of 12 September 1980, which banned him from politics.[10]
Demirel opened 268 İmam Hatip schools in his premierships between 1965 and 1980, condign one of the politicians who opened the virtually İmam Hatip schools.[11]
Ban from politics [edit]
With the military insurrection on 12 September 1980, Demirel's prime ministry building ended and he was kept under surveillance in Hamzaköy, Gelibolu for a calendar month. He did non resign as chairman of the Justice Political party until it was dissolved in 1981. With a provisional article in the new Constitution, he and most politicians were banned from politics for 10 years. However, he maintained ties with his party'due south former leaders. After political parties were immune to be established in May 1983, Demirel declared, "I practise not build shanty houses on my land with a championship deed." He did non back up the party that the military administration tried to have Bülend Ulusu founded, the Nationalist Republic Party, nor the Motherland Party (ANAP) led by his protégé Turgut Özal. On May 20, 1983, the Cracking Turkey Political party (BTP) was established past former Justice Party members, but information technology was swiftly banned by the National Security Council on the grounds that it was a continuation of the Justice Political party. Demirel, along with old CHP and Justice Party members was forced to stay for four months in Zincirbozan, Çanakkale, on the grounds that he violated the political ban.
Last premiership [edit]
In 1986, Demirel launched a successful campaign for the lifting of pre-1980 politicians' political bans and initiated a referendum on the result.[12] Only 18 days after his political ban was rescinded, he was elected chairman at the extraordinary convention of the True Path Political party (DYP), a new successor party to the Justice Party. He was re-elected Deputy of Isparta in the 1987 general election.[12]
Post-obit the 1991 ballot, Süleyman Demirel became Prime Minister in one case again in a coalition government with the Social Democratic Populist Party. Demirel acknowledged the stardom of Kurds beingness a different ethnicity from Turks,[13] reformed criminal procedure law, removed the ban on all party names and abbreviations accumulated from armed forces coups, and ratified international conventions on trade union freedoms. The "Greenish Menu" social security program was also established[14] and the age requirement for retirement was abolished.[xv] While the authorities had success combating far-left terrorist groups, the assassinations of announcer Uğur Mumcu and Gendarme commander Eşref Bitlis shocked the state. Though both coalition partners advocated for catastrophe the OHAL zone and the hamlet guard arrangement in southeast Anatolia, Performance Provide Comfort meant the policies had to continue in the unstable region.
During this period, he carried out a strong opposition to his protégé and soon president, Turgut Özal, with whom he prepared the 24 January Decisions.
Presidency [edit]
Later on the sudden death Özal, Demirel was elected the ninth President of Turkey in 1993 by the Grand National Assembly. Resigning his party chairmanship, his successor for leadership of DYP became Turkey'south outset female prime minister, Tansu Çiller.
President Demirel drew backfire from statements he made in the aftermath of the Sivas Massacre in which 35 intellectuals lost their lives when they were trapped in a called-for hotel by a mob, which took identify just one and a one-half months afterward he became president. He said "The incident is an isolated incident. There was heavy provocation. As a result of this provocation, the people were agitated... The security forces did their best... At that place was no conflict between the groups. There was [only] loss of life due to the burning of the hotel."
Demirel gave Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliyev advanced discover of an upcoming coup attempt against his government backed by various factions of the Turkish army and intelligence services. President Demirel survived an assassination attempt in 1996 in a ribbon-cutting ceremony to open up a shopping mall in İzmit. The would be assassin, İbrahim Gümrükçüoğlu said in his defence that he did not intend to kill the President, only that he intended to shoot into the air with his pistol to protest Turkey'south military cooperation agreement with Israel. Doctors later on diagnosed Gümrükçüoğlu with paranoia.
Demirel's role in the 1997 "Postmodern Coup" is controversial, with some accusing him of leading the effort to bring down Necmittin Erbakan's REFAHYOL authorities[16] while others claimed that he prevented a complete military takeover by easing the tension. He did not give the governing mandate back to his protegé Tansu Çiller, only instead to ANAP chairman Mesut Yılmaz, fifty-fifty though Welfare Party, DYP and BBP opposed the move.[17]
In 1997, he participated in a conference organized by the Journalists and Writers Foundation, of which Fethullah Gülen was its honorary chairman, and received the "Statesman National Reconciliation Award" from Gülen.[18]
Though there was an attempt to extend his presidential term by some other 5 years, Demirel stepped down from the presidency on Apr 5. He handed over his duty to Ahmet Necdet Sezer on 16 May 2000. With his retirement from politics, his overall tenure as Prime number Minister was shorter than but İsmet İnönü'southward and Recep Tayyip Erdogan's.[ citation needed ]
Later life and death [edit]
Following his retirement from politics, Demirel was a frequent panelist and speaker at several places, more often than not in universities, within Turkey.[ citation needed ] His married woman Nazmiye passed abroad on May 27, 2013, in the infirmary where she was treated for Alzheimer's. Süleyman Demirel died on 17 June 2022 at the Güven hospital in Ankara where he had been undergoing handling for a respiratory tract infection. After the state ceremony in the Turkish Grand National Assembly and a religious ceremony at Kocatepe Mosque on 19 June 2015, Demirel's body was taken to a mausoleum in his hometown of Atabey, Isparta.[nineteen] In 2019, the Süleyman Demirel Mausoleum was completed and opened to visitors.
Legacy [edit]
Demirel achieved many firsts throughout his political career. He formed the nearly governments (seven), was longest serving prime number government minister in Turkish political history following İsmet İnönü and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and was the youngest prime number minister at the age of 41. He also broke the records for the youngest politician to become a political party leader at the age of 40, and the youngest general managing director appointed to a public institution at the age of thirty.[20] [21]
He was as well accused of deviating from the principles of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, which he denied.[ citation needed ]
The Süleyman Demirel Airport and Süleyman Demirel University, both of which are in Isparta are named subsequently him. So are the Süleyman Demirel Stadium in Antalya, the Süleyman Demirel Medical Eye of the Atatürk University in Erzurum and Suleyman Demirel University in Kazakhstan. There are also two important primary streets named after him: one in Istanbul and the other in Muğla. In 2022 Süleyman Demirel Democracy and Development Museum was opened in Isparta.[22]
In pop civilization [edit]
Süleyman Demirel was often nicknamed Baba (The Father) or Çoban Sülü (Sülü the Shepherd) and humorously Spartacus, later on his native urban center of Isparta. His fedora hat was a famous part of his prototype.[23] [24]
With the vocal "Demirbaş" in the album "Yadigâr" (1995), Fikret Kızılok humorously described Demirel'southward disability to stay abroad from the political scene. "Süleyman", 1 of the hit songs of Barış Manço's 1992 album "Mega Manço", was some other satire of Demirel. He was portrayed by Haldun Boysan in the 2007 movie "Zincirbozan". In that location are also references to Demirel in Cem Karaca's "Raptiye". Süleyman Demirel also appeared as a guest actor in the film "The President in the Other Turkey". Nejmi Aykar portrayed Demirel in the TV series In one case Upon a Time in Republic of cyprus, which was circulate on TRT 1.
Although Demirel had retired, whenever there was political distress, Turkish media or his followers (humorously or otherwise) called on him with the words "Kurtar bizi baba" ("Father, relieve u.s.a."). He is well known for uttering phrases such equally "Dün dündür, bugün bugündür" ("Yesterday is yesterday, today is today"), usually said when he has changed his stand on a subject. Another example is "Benzin vardı da biz mi içtik?" ("Did we drink the gasoline, as if in that location were any?"), said when defending his deportment during the 1970s free energy crunch.[25] When the question of criminalizing sex work came to question by the increased popularity of conservative movements, he responded "Genelevleri kapatalım da millet bizi mi siksin?" ("Should we close the brothels and so people tin fuck usa?").[26]
Awards [edit]
See also [edit]
- Conservatism in Turkey
References [edit]
- ^ Sarı, Eren (25 December 2016). "Çoban Sülü: Türk siyasetinin son 50 yılına fötr şapkası ve renkli kişiliğinin yanı sıra, hiç çocuğu olmadığı halde 'Baba' lakabıyla damga vuran 9. Cumhurbaşkanı Süleyman Demirel, "Akşam olunca kapısını kilitlemeden yatabilen, sabaha karşı kapıyı çalanların polis olmadığını düşünen bir Türkiye" hayaliyle aramızdan ayrıldı". Noktaekitap. Retrieved six December 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d Arslanbenzer, Hakan (19 June 2015). "Süleyman Demirel: Dream for a 'Neat Turkey'". Daily Sabah . Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ Kinzer, Stephen (xvi June 2015). "Suleyman Demirel, Seven Times Turkey'southward Prime Minister, Dies at xc". The New York Times . Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ a b "Süleyman DEMİREL". Turkish Ministry of Strange Affairs. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved twenty June 2015.
- ^ Baban, Cihad (2009). Politika galerisi (in Turkish). Istanbul: Timaş. ISBN978-9752639669.
- ^ Heper, Metin; Landau, Jacob 1000. (1991). Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey. I.B. Tauris. pp. 189–191. ISBNi-85043-300-3.
- ^ Akkoc, Raziye (17 June 2015). "Suleyman Demirel, former Turkish president, dies at xc". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ Berkan, İsmet (22 Dec 2006). "Demirel 1966'da neden cumhurbaşkanı olmadı?". Radikal. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "12 Eylül Belgeseli 1. Bölüm | Renklerin Çatışması | 32.Gün Arşivi". YouTube. thirty August 2017. Archived from the original on nineteen November 2019.
- ^ Barchard, David (17 June 2015). "Süleyman Demirel obituary". theguardian.com . Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ Öcal, Mustafa. "DÜNDEN BUGÜNE İMAM HATİP LİSELERİ (1913-2013), 100. YILINDA İMAM HATİP LİSELERİ". Academia. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link) - ^ Bila, Fikret (17 Baronial 2005). "Demirel'in 'Kürt realitesi' ile Erdoğan'ın 'Kürt sorunu'". Milliyet. Archived from the original on five October 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Hatun, Şükrü. ""Yeşil Kart"a dokunmayın!". Türk Tabipler Birliği. Archived from the original on v October 2013.
- ^ Tezel, Ali (5 Oct 2010). "HABERTÜRK-Yaşı bekleyenlere bir defalık emeklilik hakkı gelir mi?". Ali Tezel. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014.
{{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Arınç Demirel'i hedef aldı: 28 Şubat'ın başaktörü". Ulusal Kanal. Archived from the original on v November 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Türk, Alican (21 June 1997). REFAHYOL HÜKÛMETİ'NİN İSTİFASI İLE İLGİLİ Bowl AÇIKLAMASI - 21 Haziran 1997 (Video) (in Turkish).
- ^ Demirel'den Fetullah Gülen'e övgüler! (Video) (in Turkish). Yeni Akit Gazetesi.
- ^ "Turkey'south ninth president Suleyman Demirel passes away". Anadolu Bureau. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ "Başbakan Menderes'in rekorunu geçti". Sabah. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on thirty May 2016.
- ^ "Süleyman DEMİREL". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013.
{{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Sleyman Demirel Demokrasi ve Kalknma Mzesi ald". Radikal (in Turkish).
- ^ Anadolu Agency. "Turkey'due south 9th President Suleyman Demirel dies at 91". Getty Images.
- ^ "HATS: A POLITICAL SYMBOL OF TURKISH HISTORY". Ekrembugraekinci.com . Retrieved 27 Nov 2017.
- ^ "Süleyman Demirel - Benzin vardı da biz mi içtik?".
- ^ "Asla Unutulmayacak Sözleri Ve Kararları ile Süleyman Demirel".
- ^ "Türkiyə Cümhuriyyətinin Prezidenti Süleyman Dəmirəlin "İstiqlal" ordeni ilə təltif edilməsi haqqında haqqında AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASI PREZİDENTİNİN FƏRMANI" [Social club of the President of Azerbaijan Republic on awarding President of Turkey Suleyman Demiral with Istiglal Order] (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ "Untitled Certificate". Royalcroatia.tripod.com . Retrieved six December 2018.
External links [edit]
- Official Website of the Presidents of the Republic of Turkey (in Turkish)
prevatteaddis1944.blogspot.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel
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